Chicken Pox essays

Chicken Pox articles What's your opinion of when you here the term chicken pox? Presumably an exceptionally irritated time in you life or an irritated time hanging tight ahead for you, except if you are one of only a handful hardly any fortunate ones. I know getting chicken pox most likely wasnt the best time in your life however nearly everybody needs to go however it. Its helps me to remember getting your shots before you can start school, you loathe getting them, yet you are told its a need. Before the 6th century shingles, an auxiliary contamination of chicken pox was distinguished. At that point after the nineteen century chicken pox was distinguished as a different ailment from the smallpox ailment. In 1995 the United States Food and Drug Organization endorsed the primary immunization against chicken pox. This came after extraordinary testing in Japan which appeared there was no waiting impacts. Despite the fact that the immunization is being used today and is demonstrated to be protected, it is still under discussion on the off chance that it ought to be utilized and in the event that it Chicken pox is brought about by the varicalla-zoster infection (VZV). Chicken pox is very infectious, roughly 4,000,000 cases happen every year. Taking in wheezed air by somebody who is tainted with chicken pox is the most well-known way this ailment is The most evident side effect is an irritated rash which begins the body and scalp and spreads to the face, arms, and legs. This rash structures rankles that dry and become scabs in four to five days. A tainted individual may have anyplace from just a couple of scabs to additional than 500 scabs on their body during and assault. At the point when you get the rash you ought to have a specialist inspect it. Rashes have numerous various causes, this is the reason it is ideal to have a specialist analyze the sickness. The person in question might get some information about contact with other youngsters who have chicken pox or measles or other Rashes arent the main indication of chicken pox, an individual migh ... <!

American Films and Hero

Whose name strikes a chord when you hear the word â€Å"hero. † A legend is an individual you appreciate, gaze upward to, and have regard for. A legend is somebody you need to transcript in light of their activities and achievements. A saint is somebody we esteem, similar to our first teddy bear when we were youthful. My saint is my mother. I’ve been in this world for a long time at this point and everything I can say is that I thank god for making the ladies that made me that I can rely upon whenever and call my mom.After all the awful and unpleasant occasions, put downs and fall downs I experienced; there was just a single individual that could persevere through my life. After all the mix-ups I've done through the previous years, it was her who got me out. Furthermore, those occasions when I was grief stricken or confounded crazy, it was her who offered me guidance. There is no other individual you can confide in enough to reveal to them everything about occurs in you r life, and it is extremely unlikely you can discover somebody that would think about you like a mother would.Whose name strikes a chord when you hear the word â€Å"hero. † A legend is an individual you appreciate, gaze upward to, and have regard for. A saint is somebody you need to transcript on account of their activities and achievements. A saint is somebody we esteem, similar to our first teddy bear when we were youthful. My saint is my mother. I’ve been in this world for a long time at this point and everything I can say is that I thank god for making the ladies that made me that I can rely upon whenever and call my mom.After all the terrible and unpleasant occasions, put downs and fall downs I experienced; there was just a single individual that could persevere through my life. After all the slip-ups I've done through the previous years, it was her who got me out. What's more, those occasions when I was shattered or befuddled insane, it was her who offered me gu idance. There is no other individual you can confide in enough to disclose to them everything about occurs in your life, and it is highly unlikely you can discover somebody that would think about you like a mother would.Whose name strikes a chord when you hear the word â€Å"hero. † A legend is an individual you appreciate, turn upward to, and have regard for. A saint is somebody you need to transcript as a result of their activities and achievements. A legend is somebody we appreciate, similar to our first teddy bear when we were youthful. My legend is my mother. I’ve been in this world for a long time at this point and everything I can say is that I thank god for making the ladies that made me that I can rely upon whenever and call my mom.After all the awful and unpleasant occasions, put downs and fall downs I experienced; there was just a single individual that could persevere through my life. After all the errors I've done through the previous years, it was her who got me out. Furthermore, those occasions when I was sorrowful or confounded crazy, it was her who offered me guidance. There is no other individual you can confide in enough to reveal to them everything about occurs in your life, and it is highly unlikely you can discover somebody that would think about you like a mother would.Whose name strikes a chord when you hear the word â€Å"hero. † A saint is an individual you appreciate, gaze upward to, and have regard for. A legend is somebody you need to transcript as a result of their activities and achievements. A saint is somebody we esteem, similar to our first teddy bear when we were youthful. My legend is my mother. I’ve been in this world for a long time at this point and everything I can say is that I thank god for making the ladies that made me that I can rely upon whenever and call my mom.After all the terrible and harsh occasions, put downs and fall downs I experienced; there was just a single individual that cou ld persevere through my life. After all the slip-ups I've done through the previous years, it was her who got me out. Also, those occasions when I was crushed or befuddled crazy, it was her who offered me guidance. There is no other individual you can confide in enough to disclose to them everything about occurs in your life, and it is highly unlikely you can discover somebody that would think about you like a mother would.Whose name strikes a chord when you hear the word â€Å"hero. † A legend is an individual you appreciate, turn upward to, and have regard for. A legend is somebody you need to transcript as a result of their activities and achievements. A legend is somebody we esteem, similar to our first teddy bear when we were youthful. My saint is my mother. I’ve been in this world for a long time at this point and everything I can say is that I thank god for making the ladies that made me that I can rely upon whenever and call my mom.After all the awful and harsh occasions, put downs and fall downs I experienced; there was just a single individual that could persevere through my life. After all the mix-ups I've done through the previous years, it was her who got me out. What's more, those occasions when I was grief stricken or confounded crazy, it was her who offered me guidance. There is no other individual you can confide in enough to disclose to them everything about occurs in your life, and its absolutely impossible you can discover somebody that would think about you like a mother would.

SIPA and The Simpsons COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA and The Simpsons COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I am not what you would call an avid follower of The Simpsons television show, however I do watch it occasionally and have always been impressed with the way the creators integrate real people into episodes. Recently I received an email from an alumnus of our program notifying me that a SIPA faculty member was mentioned in an episode.   Jagdish Bhagwati is professor at SIPA and from what I understand, what you see below is a ballot created on the show to help guess the winners of Nobel prizes.   One SIPA professor, Joseph Stiglitz, actually did win the Nobel Prize in economics in 2001.

Good Governance And Public Sector Management - 1022 Words

Governance Olalekan Ajayi California State University, Northridge Abstract: There is no single definition of â€Å"good governance†. Good governance is linked different aspects especially politically. Good Governance is linked to Public Sector Management and how it is developing. Public Sector Management has went through changes over the past decades: from Traditional Public Administration to New Public Management or in other words Governance and managerialism. Moving from traditional administration with emphasis on neutrality of the public, tenure, career and a structure of hierarchical authority. The New Public Management with emphasis on commercialization and privatization and other private sector concepts, the implementation of the notion of competition and business in managerialism intensified the idea of customer orientation in public service delivery. To enable and discuss a key question, to be posed at the outset is: What is governance? Basically, governance (as opposed to â€Å"good† governance) can be defined as the rule of the rulers, typically within a given set of rules. You might come to the conclusion that governance is the process in which authority is conferred on rulers. All together, they make the rules and those rules are enforced and modified. A key concept to understanding governance requires an identification of both the rules and the rulers. Another concept to understand would be the various processes by whichShow MoreRelatedInformation Security In Zanziabar Public Sector1465 Words   |  6 PagesInformation Security in Zanzibar’s public sector† (Shaaban, et al., 2012). Most of these challenges are partly attributed to lack of proper budgeting for ICT infrastructures, cultural gap awareness, political instability, trust, business continuity plan, and inadequate human resource management to effectively manage this technology (Dada, 2006). 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The World Trade Organization Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4669 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Executive Summary The World Trade Organisation represents the unifying global association that brings divergent economies, legal systems, customs, internal policies and political systems into a sphere whereby a common ground in terms of a level playing field is established for all member nations. Favouritism, special interest, and other imbalances are eliminated to bring the term globalisation into a uniform as well as universal context. As is expected, the World Trade Organization has defined rules, regulations, procedures and processes to ensure this level playing field remains level, regardless of the size, influence or resources of its differing members. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The World Trade Organization Example For Free" essay for you Create order And therein lies the reason as to why it has been effective. And while there are critics who have their individualistic opinions and comments, some well-founded, and others not, no one has proposed another forum to improve upon and or replace the WTO, which dispute its imperfections, functions! The preceding represents the organisation that the Russian Federation is seeking admission to. Such has been a process that has entailed over a decade and is still not concluded. The reasons for the aforementioned shall be examine herein, as well as the changes, modifications and other facets that the country is being called upon to modify in accordance with accession rules. Given the past history of the Russian Federation, the transition to a market economy has and does represent substantive changes with regard to internal policies and practices impacting upon all areas of the countrys economy. Such transitional changes have been successfully broached by China as well as Vietnam and other former communist states, so the challenge facing the Russian Federation has precedent. This examination shall delve into the aforementioned accession process with respect to the Russian Federation, looking into the countrys most dominant and important industrial sections to gauge the impact the process has, is having and will have in terms of impact. Chapter 1 – Introduction In order to understand the context of the World Trade Organisation as well as its impact on Russia, and its industries, notably oil, gas, and construction, one must delve into the broad area of world trade in general as a foundational understanding for this examination. Globalisation has been utilised as a format to discuss as well as explain many issues, world trade of course being a major component of the foregoing. Mann (1993, p. 9) provides a broad understanding of the complexities and context of globalisation through his statement â€Å"In major transitions the fundamental interrelations, and very identities, of organisations such as ‘economies or ‘states become metamorphosed. Even the very definition of ‘society may change.† The broad reference in terms of globalisation as provided from the preceding points to the need to clarify this catch phrase as used by academia, politicians as well as journalists, and economists concerning its reference in terms of this examination to distinguish it in the context of utilisation. In its general sense, globalisation represents a short method â€Å"†¦of describing the spread and connectedness of production, communication and technologies across the world† (Smith and Doyle, 2002). The context that we utilise globalisation in this examination refers to the processes â€Å"†¦of reducing barriers between countries and encouraging closer economic, political, and social interaction† (Tabb, 1999). Globalisation is also described as â€Å"†¦the creation of international strategies by organizations for overseas expansion and operation on a worldwide level.† (BNET, 2007). As a word, and concept it, globalisation, entails the technological achievements in the fields of travel and shipping, airplanes, communications and data transfer, production and outsourcing, marketing and communications, regional trading organisations and trade blocks as well as ec onomics that has called for the increased recognition of expanding the visions of countries, governments and multinational corporations to include the world view (Berger, 2005, pp. 33-38). It, globalisation, is the processes that refer to increased global interconnectivity as well as integration with respect to economic, social, cultural, political, technological, and ecological practices as countries and companies must utilise a common ground to make their products, goods, services, and ideals acceptable on the world stages in response to other countries and companies competing to expand their influence and economic power (Raskin et al, 2002, pp. 15-13). Theodore Levitt is generally credited with coining the phrase ‘globalisation in 1983 through his book â€Å"The Globalization of Markets† (Harvard Business School, 2006), however, the term, globalisation, can be traced as far back as 1944 with the ending of the Second World War. There are historians as well as economists who indicate that the process of globalisation is a centuries old phenomenon that tracks the process of human expansion, and civilisation which over the past fifty years has intensified dramatically, taking on a more structured foundation that is underpinned by economics, and the needs for uniformity (ORourke and Williamson, 2001, pp. 1-7). An while globalisation, and politics are interrelated, as a result of governmental involvement, Shaw (1999, p. 1) advises that â€Å"†¦politics has been seen as secondary to globalisation; political institutions, forces and ideas are generally believed to be responding to phenomena which are located primarily in other social realms†. This view is also shared by Gray (1998, pp. 34-54) as well as Hirst and Thompson, 1996, pp. 23-41). They explain that globalisation is a reflection of economy, sociology as well as culture, along with philosophy, which has been demonstrated through history in terms of expansionism in the ancient as well as medieval worlds, with politics as the secondary facet. Nicholson (1999, p. 23) amplifies the foregoing in stating that â€Å"†¦there were big population moves from Europe to America, both North and South, followed by the equally large but involuntary movements of Africans to the Americas (prior to 1770, more African slaves than Europeans went to the Americas †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and that â€Å"†¦Europeans opened up sea routes to India and interactions began even if they were not always welcome †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The point of the preceding as well as what follows in terms of globalisation, is to illustrate how deeply embedded it is in the global economy as an historical fact that has taken on increased intensity in the twenty-first century. The impact, in terms of increased trade, brought about by globalisation is illustrated in the decrease in poverty rates as shown by the following: Table 1 – Decrease in Global Poverty Rates (World Bank, 2006) Area Demographic 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 Percentage Change 1981-2002 Less than $1 a day 57.7% 38.9% 28.0% 29.6% 24.9% 16.6% 15.7% 11.1% -80.76% Less than $2 a day 84.8% 76.6% 67.7% 69.9% 64.8% 53.3% 50.3% 40.7% -52.00% Less than $1 a day 9.7% 11.8% 10.9% 11.3% 11.3% 10.7% 10.5% 8.9% -8.25% Less than $2 a day 29.6% 30.4% 27.8% 28.4% 29.5% 24.1% 25.1% 23.4% -29.94% Less than $1 a day 41.6% 46.3% 46.8% 44.6% 44.0% 45.6% 45.7% 44.0% +5.77% Less than $2 a day 73.3% 76.1% 76.1% 75.0% 74.6% 75.1% 76.1% 74.9% +2.18% The preceding represents a critical facet in understanding the contribution of globalisation to the increase of living standards through trade, and increased economic activity, which benefits developed as well as under developed countries. Within the context of this examination, the following points to the importance of world trade in terms of Russia in comparison with the rest of the world: Table 2 – Growth in the Val ue of World Merchandise Trade by Region, 2000 – 2005 (World Trade Organization, 2006) As shown by the above, the annual global percentage change in terms of exports during 2000 through 2005 averaged 1 percent, with Russia recording an average growth rate of 18 percent. More telling is that during 2004 and 2005, Russia recorded a percentage increase of 35 and 33 percent, respectively, while the global average increase during those years was 22 and 13 percent. The following Table provides closer insight into the foregoing. Table 3 – World Merchandise Exports by Region (World Trade Organization, 2006) Russias share of world trade between 2000, and 2005 increased by 18 percent in comparison with a global increase of 10 percent, with the countrys increases during 2004 and 2005 recording increases of 36 and 28 percent respectively compared against global trade increases during those years of 22 and 13 percent. The foregoing is the backdrop in terms if unde rstanding the importance of global trade as well as its impact on the countrys economy as shall be further discussed in following chapters. Chapter 2 – Literature Review 2.1 The World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) sets forth governing principles and uniformity regarding â€Å"†¦ the rules of trade between nations at a global level †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (World Trade Organization, 2007a). It represents the primary international organisation to aid in the promotion of free trade through its foundation of rules governing the process on an international level to provide an equitable playing field that is applicable as well as just, and fair to all nations (Free Trade and Globalization, 2007). Organized in 1995, the WTO is the outgrowth of understandings as well as practices that began from the failed International Trade Organization in 1948 (World Trade Organization, 2007b). That attempt was a result of the ‘General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that was created as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference representing a segment of the larger plan for economic recovery in the aftermath of World War II (Hoekman and Kostecki, 1995, p. 1). Its origin, GATT â€Å"†¦can be traced to the U.S. governments Proposals for the Expansion of World Trade and Employment †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that was subsequently forwarded to all countries (Srinivasan, 1998, p. 9). The Soviet Union represented the notable exception in terms of accepting the preceding invitation, which had also elected not to join the World Bank (Srinivasan, 1998, p. 9). The council oversaw deliberations that resulted in a total of 123 bilateral agreements covering 50,000 items that were negotiated in over 1,000 meeting, which resulted in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade being adopted on 18 November 1947, and signed by 23 countries (Srinivasan, 1998, p. 9). The foregoing was formalised in 1947 at the first meeting of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations held in Havana, Cuba, and said Proposals for the Expansion of World Trade and Employment were adopted unanimously (Srinivasan, 1998, p. 9). At that meeting the Economic and Social Council of th e United Nations â€Å"†¦appointed a preparatory committee for the conference consisting of the United States, Norway, Chile, Lebanon, and the fifteen countries invited by the United States for tariff-reduction negotiations. The Soviet Union again chose not to participate in the deliberations of the preparatory committee† (Srinivasan, 1998, p. 9). Between 1948 and 1994 GATT represented the only multilateral regulating body covering world trade in terms of uniform rules, requirements and measures, until it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995 (Hoekman and Kostecki, 1995, p. 36). For the sake of clarity, GATT represented a set of rules for the conduct of international trade that operated without a solid institutional basis, having no provisional secretariat (UNESCO, 2007). In understanding GATT it is important to be cognizant that it, GATT, was a provisional agreement in terms of its legal status whereas the World Trade Organization, along with its agreements are permanent as well as mandatory (UNESCO, 2007). Another important distinction between the two is that GATT concerned itself only with the trade in goods, whereas the World Trade Organization covers trade in services, termed General Agreement on Trade of Services, trade related to intellectual property, which is called TRIPS as well as the trade in goods under GATT 1994, an updated version of the original GATT agreement of 1947 (UNESCO, 2007). In the World Trade Organization, its agreements are multilateral covering all member states, whereas under GATT the agreements were plurilateral, meaning selective (UNESCO, 2007). Finally, the World Trade Organization has a dispute settlement system that operates in a faster as well as more automatic methodology than the system under GATT, importantly, the WTO rulings cannot be blocked by any member states (UNESCO, 2007). The following provides a summarised illustrative timeline of GATT and the WTO: Table 4 – Time line of GATT and the WTO (Crowley, 2003, p. 43) Consisting of 150 member nations, from its original 23, the World Trade Organization oversees an estimated 97 percent of all global trade (Crowley, 2003, p. 42). The progress of the organisation in aiding in the increase of world trade as a result of the uniformity of its agreements, measures, and dispute resolution is shown by the following: Diagram 1 – Growth of Trade Among WTO Members and Tariff Decline, 1946 through 2001 (Crowley, 2003, p. 44) Reasons that are attributed to the foregoing success are found in the fact that the World Trade Organization represents reciprocity as well as non-discrimination. Reciprocity is the procedure in GATT negotiating rounds whereby a country offers to reduce a trade barrier, and a second country reciprocates through offering to reduce one of its trade barriers (Crowley, 2003, p. 44). Non-discrimination refers to equal treatment. The preceding means that if one country of fers a tariff concession, and or benefit to another member of GATT, said tariff concession, and or benefit must be offered to all GATT members (Crowley, 2003, p. 44). The foregoing two principles, reciprocity and non-discrimination, are termed by Bagwell and Staiger (2001) as the key reasons why the WTO has been successful in its role as the international arbiter of trade. In understanding the importance of the preceding, a brief discussion of tariffs within the WTO is in order. Tariffs are another form of tax, which raises the price consumers must pay for an item (goods), and either brings an imported item into price parity for a countrys domestically produced goods, or raises its price to make it more expensive in relationship to domestically produced goods (Adams et al, 1979, pp. 35-49). In the instance of smaller countries, they benefit from unilaterally lowering their tariffs as they are unable to affect the price of goods sold on the global market (Adams et al, 1979, pp. 35-49). In fact, raising tariffs for a small country would result in its being worse off as a result of the loss of welfare to consumers as transmitted by the higher prices resulting in a loss of efficiency in the market as a result of consumption distortion. In the instance of larger countries whereby their goods comprise a goodly share of the global market, a change in tariff pricing upward constitutes a different effect. This is reflected in the following figure: Diagram 2 Impact of a Tariff on a Large Country (Crowley, 2003, p. 45) The resulting scenario is more complicated. In the instances of a large country import demand represents a large share of the global market (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). As a result, the imposition of a tariff by a large country reduces import quantity demand, and causes global prices to fall (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). In terms of trade the preceding makes a country better off as it now can purchase imports at a lower price on the global mar ket (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). While the consumer pays a higher price on the imported good, the total welfare of the importing country is better off as government earns tariff revenues, and import competing producers thus earn higher profits (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). In terms of the preceding illustration, a key point that needs covering is the burden of the tax (tariff) resulting. The consumers in the subject large country pay a higher cost for the goods that are imported in this instance when the illustrative tariff is imposed, however they do not pay the full burden of the imposed tariff (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). The imposed tariff created a condition whereby the falling world price of the good impacts the foreign exporters who receive a smaller payment, thus the exporting country loses a portion of its purchasing power in terms of the global market in this scenario that worsens its trade (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). As a result some of the cost of the indicated tariff is off loaded onto the foreign producers in terms of the lowered price they receive (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). The foregoing is termed a ‘beggar tariff as the foreign producers suffer losses (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). The utilisation of this type of tariff by a large nation results in the importing country being better off, and thus the exporting country being worse off (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). Furthermore, the preceding produces what are termed as ‘inefficiencies in the global trading system that overall cause the net effect of said tariff to become negative as it produces inefficient distortions in production in both nations (Crowley, 2003, p. 45). The net / net of the foregoing is that the imposed subject example tariff is not good for the global economy as a whole, however, it benefits the importing country. The end of World War II provides an example of the preceding as many countries had high tariffs, which did not benefit the countries, and or consumers (Crowley, 2003, p. 4 5). Cooperative action on the part of countries as found under the WTO has increased the balance of good actions in terms of the foregoing dilemma. GATT, represented and represents the mechanism via which the short sighted self-interest equation has been balanced. GATT, and its reciprocal tariff reductions provided and provide such a mechanism (Narliker, 2003, pp. 12-14). In understanding the picture of global trade flows Hoekman and Kostecki (2001, p. 9) advise â€Å"Global trade flows are dominated by exchanges within and between the three major regions of the global economy (the so-called triad): Europe, North America, and East Asia. The principles and disciplines of the GATT helped governments to liberalize trade and to resist pressures for protection† the foregoing has aided in fostering increased integration of the worlds economy as a result of heightened trade levels. The centrepiece of the preceding is the World Trade Organization, which also works with the I nternational Monetary Fund, the World Bank as well as Regional Trading Blocks, and member government nations. The complexities of world trade, developing nations, and nations ascending to membership in the WTO brings with it economic, social, institutional, policies, and monetary ramifications whereby the WTO does not operate in a vacuum. The process of globalisation in todays terms means closer cooperation between various multilateral institutions in the critical roles of policy formulation as well as the differing elements constituting economic policy frameworks. The preceding means the participation and support along with assistance from the World Bank as well as the International Monetary fund in aiding developing, and ascension countries in meeting the rules, and policies to become a member of the WTO. In understanding the role of the World Trade Organization it is important to note that it does not define, and or specify outcomes for trade policies, it establishes a f ramework (Srinivasan, 1998, pp. 38-41). An example of the foregoing is provided by Article XXIX, Article 4 of the WTO, which aims â€Å"†¦to clarify the conditions under which a regional arrangement, free trade area, customs union or interim arrangement that, after a transition period, may give rise to a customs union or free trade area that is compatible with the GATT† (Landau, 2004, p. 88). The Article continues â€Å"†¦any preferential agreement between developed countries or between the latter and developing countries containing tariff preferences on a defined number of sectors is, on principle, compatible with the WTO. These arrangements must satisfy Article 4 of Article XXIV, in that they have been created in order to facilitate trade and not to form new trade barriers against non-member countries† (Landau, 2004, p. 88). It, Article XXIV, aims at ensuring regional trade arrangements result in the creation of trade as opposed to diverting it, and s eeing that adverse effects are reduced to their minimums (Landau, 2004, p. 88). In addition Article XXIV â€Å"†¦stipulates that customs duties and restrictive trade rules must be eliminated substantially on all sectors of trade originating from the territories of the regional area† (Landau, 2004, p. 88). The main objectives of the World Trade Organization are, 1). Transparency, 2). Coherence, and 3). Tariff Negotiation via which it guide the process. 2.2 The Russian Federation The Soviet Union, now known as the Russia Federation, represents a landmass that is four times the size of Europe, but having less than half of Europes population, and by comparison it is as large as the entire continent of North America (Summer, 1943, p. 1). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics came into being in 1917, signalling the â€Å"†¦Stalinist revolution of planned industrialization and collectivisation †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Summer, 1943, p. 48). And while the change in regimes was dramatic, many things stayed essentially the same (Summer, 1943, p. 48): the â€Å"†¦ great centralisation of power †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the â€Å"†¦ enormous range of state action †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the â€Å"†¦ massive bureaucracy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the â€Å"†¦ extreme emphasis on the army †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the â€Å"†¦ drastic use of force and the secret police †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and the â€Å"†¦semi-deification of the leader or sovereign †¦Ã¢ €  In understanding the Soviet Union, one must be cognizant of four major facets that aid in the explanation of the preceding (Summer, 1943, p. 49): â€Å"†¦the problem of governing an immense area and a multitude of peoples with relatively low material and cultural standards †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦ the problem of defence †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦ the impossibility of a complete break with past customs, attitudes of mind and feeling, and ways of doing things †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"†¦ the communist view of the state †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Lenins contribution to Russia was the doctrine of communism that provided â€Å"†¦the goal of communism and the vision of man new made and a revolutionary method the dictatorship of the vanguard of the proletariat organized through the Communist party and linked up with the masses through the soviets† (Summer, 1943, p. 49). â€Å"The idea both of party and of soviets was new to Russia in 1917, but they are the two institutional bases upon which the revolutionary regime has been built up† (Summer, 1943, p. 49). One of the outgrowths of the new Russia was the development of the largest militarised economy ever seen (Gaddy, 1996, p. 1). The preceding is important in understanding the context of the former Soviet economy, and the implications inherent in its ascension to the World Trade Organization. The military represented a â€Å"†¦process that affected the very nature of the system in both its political and economic dimensions† (Gaddy, 1996, p. 1). The foregoing is explained by Gaddy (1996, p. 1) as supported and fed by â€Å"Continual references to a military threat from without, intensified immensely by the campaigns of glorification of sacrifice and patriotism surrounding the victory in World War II, played a major role in creating and perpetuating the climate of secrecy and control that was necessary to justify unquestioning acceptance of Com munist rule†. It is important to understand that the militarist nature of the Soviet Union severely impacted, affected and underpinned the economic system within the country. The post – Soviet era in Russia has changed that underpinning, most notably the removal of restrictions on individuals (Gaddy, 1996, p. 1). The military industrial sector of the economy has been drastically reduced, with the armaments sector producing a very small portion of what it did in 1991 (Gaddy, 1996, p. 1). The importance of the preceding is that two out of three Russian workers who were engaged in military, and or weapons production in a system whereby militarisation represented the manner in which the State restricted free choice and allocated the countrys resources into its priority sectors (Gaddy, 1996, p. 1). While the foregoing is seemingly an issue of the past, the fact is in economic terms it is very much a part of the present, and thus germane to this examination of Russia s economy, and its accession into the World Trade Organisation. The foregoing understanding with regard to the lingering effects of public debt was brought forth by Shutaro Matsushita (1929, p. 5) in the late 1920s through his analysis of â€Å"The Economic Effects of Public Debts†, where he brought forth the concept of ‘forced loans or obligations. The preceding represents when the state undertakes to pursue a path of economic debt. The following reference does not specifically apply itself to the status of events in the Soviet Union, yet its implications in terms of economic consequences is apparent (Matsushita, 1929, p. 85): â€Å"When these government notes are suddenly issued, there is an increase in the medium of exchange, without any commercial necessity for such an increase, in other words, there, is an inflation of the currency. Prices will rise, commercial relations will be disturbed, and creditors will suffer severely. Prices rise because there is an augmented supply of money to carry on exchanges, without any necessary increase in the commodities to be exchanged. Commercial relations are disturbed because merchants and manufacturers must readjust themselves to the, sudden rise in the prices of goods. Creditors suffer, because the same nominal amount of money does not have as much purchasing power as before. Moreover, as is always the case in a period of rising prices, wage-earners suffer because the rise in wages always lags behind the rise in prices.† The size of the Soviet Union provides the country with a broad breathe of natural resources. At 22.4 million square kilometres the Soviet Union is almost four times the size of Europe, and only slightly smaller than North America (countrystudies.us, 2006). Given its vast expanse of land the country traverses a broad range of topography, thus providing it with exposure to differing types of natural resources as a result of the preceding. The country accounts for an estimated 20 percent of the global production of oil and natural gas, with large reserves of both (countrystudies.us, 2006). These reserves generate hard currency for the country, along with its vast reserves of â€Å"†¦ iron ore, manganese, chromium, nickel, platinum, titanium, copper, tin, lead, tungsten, diamonds, phosphates, and gold †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as huge timber reserves located in Siberia (countrystudies.us, 2006). This underpinning of vast natural resources is the core from which Russia is able to build its new economy in the face of the collapse of the Soviet Union. From 1927 through 1987, the economy of the Soviet Union operated under the foundational premise as set forth by Joseph Stalin, â€Å"†¦with only incidental modifications made between 1953 and 1987† (countrystudies.us, 2006). The control of the Soviet economy under Stalin represented the utilisation of the ‘Five Year Plan that represented the means for the country to mars hal its vast resources into materials for production (Ilin et al, 1931, p. 18). It was a backward country compared to Europe, primarily Britain, France, and the United States with relatively no internal infrastructure, factories, transportation systems, cities, and industry. The policies of the ‘five year plan have been argued as being one of the most effective means for pulling the then backward Soviet Union out of the eighteenth century, and into the twentieth century as it was such a vast undertaking (Ilin et al, 1931, pp. 27-31). In order to solidify their power the socialists had to find a means to implement real progress within the country as a demonstration of the vision, success, and foresight of their system in addressing the massive problems of the country In addition to the pressures from within, there were external pressures as represented by capitalists countries which were impacting upon internal pricing structures as a result of Russias inability to compe te in terms of productivity, and market efficiencies (James, 1937, pp. 197-207). The ‘five year plan represented a means via which the state could plan the progress of the country as well as administer its control policies, and solidify its absolute power. It, the five-year plan, represented â€Å"†¦the chief mechanisms the Soviet government used to translate economic policies into programs† (countrystudies.us, 2006). For over sixty years the Russian economy was controlled by the state under the principles of centralised planning, which represented virtual control over all aspects of production, investment as well as consumption (countrystudies.us, 2006). The central planning concept also served to enable the country to marshal its resources quickly, as demonstrated by the invasion by Nazi forces. But, the problems of centralised planning, and its abuses were also evident in that Soviet industry was able to purchase raw materials such as oil, coal, and nat ural gas at prices that were below the global market levels, thus encouraging waste, and inefficiencies (countrystudies.us, 2006). The appointment of Mikhial Gorbachev as the General Secretary of the Community Party in 1985 is hailed as the beginning of the demise of the Soviet Union as a result of his reform policies of glasnost, democratisation and most of all perestroika (Graham, 2007). Glasnost (1990) represented a policy that called for openness, maximisation of publicity, and transparency concerning the activities of the state, along with the implementation of freedom of information (Bettaux et al, 2004, p. 8). The preceding was put into effect by Gorbachev in an effort to reduce the internal corruption at the head of the Communist Party as well as government, and Central Committee (Bettaux et al, 2004, p. 10-14). Democratisation in Russia, as brought forth by Gorbachev, implied increased public discussions, primarily on cultural as well as economic issues, along wit h the increased interaction of leaders of the Communist party with the populace, and some liberalisation of personal freedoms and censorship relaxation (Ross, 2002, pp. 18-20). Gorbachev stated in 1989 that theâ€Å"†¦ republics rights of sovereignty were largely formal in nature. Up to now†, and he noted, â€Å"Our state has existed as a centralized and unitary state and none of us has yet the experience of living in a federation† (Kux, 1990, p. 2). Of all of Gorbachevs policies, perestroika is credited with becoming the unintended cat.

The Canadian Association Of Social Work - 1277 Words

In the profession of Social Work there are several policies, procedures, rules and guidelines that govern the way we make ethical decisions. Our job as Social Workers is to be knowledgeable of the professions needs and engage, assess, intervene, and evaluate with individuals, families and organizations in order to help them understand the value and importance of self-worth and self-determination when making decisions. The Canadian Association of Social Work (CASW) provides us with a Code of Ethics, which outlines the mission and values of the profession when dealing with ethical dilemmas. It creates a common framework for workers to develop approaches, understanding and boundaries to follow when working with clients (CASW, 2005). From†¦show more content†¦Being integrated with Social Work allows you to separate the cause and effect factors when counseling and helping clients through a broad range of situations. Your ethical behavior within the practice strives from your individual commitment to engage within the ethical practice (CASW, 2005). Generally speaking, you are working in the Child Protection department at the Children Aid’s Society when you are contacted by the school board regarding a 7-year-old girl named Anna. You have now been seeing Anna for six weeks, once a week. She has been sexually abused and this was verified by a medical examination, however, she has not disclosed who the perpetrator is. Despite no disclosure, the school and the Children’s Aid Society of Toronto speculate it is her mother’s boyfriend and the boyfriend still has access to her. The more time you spend with her the more she opens up to you. You feel she is getting closer to disclosing who the perpetrator is. During a session, she tells you that she has a â€Å"secret† she wants to tell you about â€Å"the bad man that hurt her† but she asks you to promise her first that you won’t tell anyone and if you can promise her that she will not tell you her â€Å"secret.† Building rapport and trustful relationships with clients is important to pull out aspects of situations that may otherwise be difficult to find, and help guide the dilemma accordingly based on the facts of the case. Social Workers have a

McKinsey free essay sample

1. Based on the information provided in the case, what kind of organizational structure does McKinsey use and why? How is it connected to its mentality type (type of company within the Bartlett Ghoshal typology)? Company has strongly embedded â€Å"One firm† structure, which relates to clients, employees and profits. They emphasise the individual consultant development, so called I-shaped consultants. It is team-based organisation with team-led sectors and segments. McKinsey’s have a system, developed over several decades, of professional principles, approach to serving clients, personnel policies, organization, ownership which enable firm workers to identify with the long-term goals of the institution. history and traditions of the firm have also cultivated values that encourage firm members to stick to policies that they might otherwise deviate from. All branches of a company combine a high degree of local autonomy with a one-firm policy. The manager of each office had broad operating responsibility and decision-making authority, but only within the limits of firm principles, strategy, and policies. According to the one-firm policy, all consultants were to be hired and promoted by the firm rather than by an office; partners profit shares were derived from a firm pool, not an office pool; and each client was to be treated as a client of a company, not of a particular individual or office. I think that McKinsey is a transnational type of company, because its subsidiaries are relatively independent from the rest of the company, since they are bonded to the local environment, to which they have to be very attentive. The transnational company is also described by Bartlett and Ghoshal as an integrated and interdependent network of various but equal units, where headquarters does not play a commanding role. Headquarters choose to control their subsidiaries by socialization and networks. All directors or management are elected from locals, company does not push their people from the main office for high positions. As company operate as a partnership all decisions are deliberated and discussed with partners. 2. How does McKinsey manage its knowledge and learning? Please analyze at least a couple of examples; connect them to their competitive advantage and mentality. According to Rajat Gupta â€Å"knowledge is the lifeblood of McKinsey†. Partnership work hard on their present and future methods of how to enhance and perfect knowledge. McKinsey is investing a lot of time and resources in the organizations knowledge, image, and capabilities. There are over 100 McKinsey offices in 60 countries. Over the last 12 years McKinsey has been ranked in the number one position of the The Best Consulting Firms: Prestige list. McKinsey maintains organisation called McKinsey Knowledge Centre (McKC) , which give a vast pool of specialised business information. In addition, consultant-authored internal practice development documents It conducts pro-bono studies that bring its partners into contact with influential members of the community. Company strive to bring and retain the best employees from top universities of the world. They employ the approach â€Å"engage-explore-apply-share†, which can characterized as one where focus is on the development of knowledge to strengthen individual and team capability. Also firm employs a â€Å"stewardship model† where consultants are regarded as â€Å"1000 flowers† who have to be guarded by and cared about. Furthermore company is known for hiring highly competitive and ambitious people, it want to see the results with time, therefore if someone does not improve and progress along with a company the one is fired. This concept is called â€Å"up or out†, 25% of firm employees are new every year. By having so many offices all over the world they also encourage and support the dissemination of information and knowledge between consultants. For example if one employee have difficulties at the end of a day, one can write messages to other employees in Europe and United States , the next morning there are usually seven or eight new advices, ideas and leads. McKinsey invested in building a reputation for management expertise by encouraging its staff to publish articles and books, they turned to big topics like â€Å"The Industry Structure in 2005† and â€Å"The Telephone Company of the Future†. As well company developed and introduced Telecom Intranet, which improved intra company sharing of knowledge and communication. 3. Why has McKinsey decided to establish the Client Services Team(CST), and what role does it play in the company Client service teams create an environment which support and facilitate interests of the clients. They focus employees on results-oriented efforts and engage all specialists with different knowledge . CST enhance client service and solidify client long-term relationships. As team members knowledge of the client deepens, unforeseen service opportunities often emerge. McKinsey recognizes the importance of client satisfaction in cultivating and retaining clients, and the crucial role that client service teams play in increasing that satisfaction. Moreover, strengthening and expanding client relationships is a critical tool for improving firms financial performance, and CST foster enduring relationships. CST practice is a vital part of company commitment to help their clients compete more effectively and achieve greater results. CST enhances communication among the firm and its key clients. Better informed team members are able to service clients more effectively and more proactively. The most effective company/client relationships consist of open and regular two-way communication. Company is stresses that business is always about people, therefore increasing client loyalty is a milestone in every successful business. Because CST improve service delivery, firms with effective team programs enjoy increased client satisfaction and loyalty. CST helps to build marketplace knowledge. By developing a growing dossier about the clients needs and the markets in which it operates, firm gain valuable marketplace insights that can benefit other clients as well as colleagues who represent other clients in that same industry sector. CST can foresee clients potential needs. Because they foster an exchange of information among all consultants servicing the client about important trends and developments affecting their business , McKinsey can help the client anticipate changes that will affect its chosen strategy. Firm employ â€Å"Engage-Explore-Apply-Share† model, where everyone is responsible for knowledge development. Priority is given to the Client Services Team. Because McKinsey is dealing a lot with unique problems with no clear solution, an unique approach must be taken. Moto of the company is to create the value to the customer and to get an experience or prestige on the way.